Overview of the Primary Health Care System in Hong Kong

Overview of the Primary Health Care System in Hong Kong Student name: MAN Ho Yan Introduction Hong Kong average life expectancy is one the longest city among the world, even longer than some developed countries such as America, Japan (Lee et al., 2016). According to the statistic provided by the Department of Health in 2016, the life expectancy of Hong Kong male and female are 81.2 and 87.3 respectively. The reason why Hong Kong is having this honor can be related to various factors. Generally speaking, more and more people have started to take care of their health. For example, they have a variety of food choice, buying food from many places with a relatively reasonable price. The Hong Kong government also pays lots of effort in health promotion, like encouraging people to do enough exercise per week and eat healthily with less oil, salt, sugar etc. Citizens are able to find this kind of health information easily through television, advertisements, or the Internet. In terms of policy making, Hong Kong government has set up regulations restricting smoking in Hong Kong. Smokin g in restricted area is prohibited, higher regulation in tobacco trading, as well as the advertisements of tobacco, posted or showed to the public. Together with the smoking cessation program provided by the government, the number of people smoke is kept decreasing throughout these years (Hong Kong Council on Smoking and Health, 2016). Nonetheless, another important factor that makes Hong Kong people can have the longest life expectancy in the world is due to Hong Kong has a comprehensive health care delivery system. Including both public and private health services, from out-patient clinic, specialist out-patient clinic, even in hospitalization, Hong Kong health care system has a high quality and high standard of health delivery service. With the advanced medical technology, all the Hong Kong citizens can enjoy the health service, no matter what kind of economic status of oneself. They can use the health service. Everyone will be provided with adequate health care services provided by all health criteria. As a result, Hong Kong citizens can have a higher chance to have a longer life expectancy. In the following paragraph, a brief overview of the current Hong Kong health care system will be discussed, followed by the discussion of one of the major roles of the whole system in Hong Kong, Primary Health Care, by looking at the working principles of the system and the services provided to the public. Last but not least, the health care system in Hong Kong though is comparatively perfect than other countries. There are some rooms of improvement, which will be discussed in the recommendation part. Hong Kong current Health Care System Nowadays the health care system in Hong Kong is running under a dual-track system, they are public and private sectors. These sectors deliver different services from primary, secondary and even tertiary care. Public health care sector is the core of the whole healthcare system, providing health services to all the citizens. In other words, the public healthcare sector is the basic system in maintaining the health of the community. On the other hand, private healthcare provides an alternative choice for citizens to choose (Ko, 2013). These services usually have a higher cost, but will provide a more accessible and relatively higher quality healthcare service than public healthcare service. If clients can afford the cost, they may choose private health care service according to their own desire (Kong, 2015). All public health care services in Hong Kong are regulated by the Food and Health Bureau, HKSAR. The major role of it is setting up policies and distributing resources to public healthcare services to operate and providing service for the community (HKSAR, 2016). Under the regulation of Food and Health Bureau, there are two more departments in providing different kinds of public health care services. The Department of Health is responsible for the management of public health like Chest Clinics, Student Health Services Centre, Maternal and Child Health Centres etc. The Hospital Authority is responsible for the management of public hospitals, for instance, public hospitals, general out-patient clinics, special out-patient clinics (HKSAR, 2016). Private health care service, involve mainly hospital services, such as private hospitals, private practitioners, and private Chinese practitioners. All the private hospitals, private medical clinics are regulated by the Department of Health, and they should obey the Hospitals, Nursing Homes and Maternity Home Registration Ordinance (Cap. 165) and the Medical Clinics Ordinance (Cap. 343) (HKSAR, 2010). 3. Primary Health Care Services Primary health care is an important category in the health care system since it helps to maintain the health of the community, the work should be done effectively and comprehensively. This is because primary health care is the first step of contact between patients with their family members and health professional (WHO, 2008). Generally speaking, primary health care aims to prevent any disease occur in the early stage, as well as improve personal health condition. These kinds of actions can help in lower the opportunity of suffering diseases and thus, reduce the needs of a high level of health care like that more intensive health care. The whole health expenditure can be reduced for both the client oneself and also the whole health care system (HKSAR, 2008). A proper and effective development of primary health care system can benefit the use of resources and their allocation to another part of the system. For example, primary health care for elderly, treatment on long-term disease et c. 3.1 Current Primary Heath Care Service in Hong Kong Being the first contact point of the health care, primary health care does include health promotion, patient-based health care, disease prevention, and medicine care. In Hong Kong, primary health care services are mainly provided by the private family doctors, public health care sectors will integrate with those private health care sectors to provide different dimension of specialist and hospital services. However, patients have to pay for all of the cost to the private health care services. Public health sectors its own will provide general out-patient clinics, for those who cannot afford the cost of private primary health service (HKSAR, 2010). The Department of Health functions various public activities for community care. With the working principle of protecting the health of the whole community and the population, Department of Health will bring along with disease surveillance, communicable diseases control among the community, public health regulation as well as licensing, impl ement different kinds of health measures, such as tobacco control etc. (HKSAR, 2010). In order to provide a comprehensive health care, different discipline or health care professionals should work together, including general practitioners, nurses, Chinese medicine practitioners, and related health care professionals and health care providers among the community. Early in 1990, the Working Party on Primary Health Care established a report, to have a comprehensive examination of the primary health care system in Hong Kong, as well as recommending the strategies in order to strengthen the system. Since then, different primary health care services started to be established. For example, in 1994, the Woman Health Service has been set up. Introduce health service for women who aged 64 or below. In 1995, the Student Health Service has been established, which give general medical checkup, health promotion etc. for primary and secondary students. Elderly Health Service was established in 1998, providing preventive care, giving support on elderly centres and elderly homes (Food and Health Bureau, 2010). Throughout the years, more and more primary health care services have been organised or being reformed. In October 2008, a reform of the Working Group on Primary Care has been established by the Health and Medical Development Advisory Committee and operated by the Secretary of the Food and Health Bureau (Food and Health Bureau, 2010). The working group is mainly on providing advice on critical development for primary care. Several working tasks have been set up by the group including establishing primary health care conceptual models and related framework protocols, constructing the Primary Care Directory, and recommending an effective primary health care service delivery model (HKSAR, 2010). All these working principles are aiming at enhancing primary health care service in Hong Kong. The group is composed of both representatives of public and private sectors, for instance, patients group, health professionals, health administrators, and related stakeholders. Regarding the working principles, the primary health care conceptual model and protocol is targeting on the conceptual models and guidelines on hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus for the use of health care professionals. Primary Care Directory is a program set up by the Primary Care Office, which is under the regulation of the Department of Health, established in 2010. This program aims at supporting and coordinating primary health care service development in Hong Kong, establishing primary health care developing strategies and operation. The Directory is operated by different health professionals, health administrators, and related stakeholders from the Food and Health Bureau. In order to have a better co-operation between various disciplines, and to ensure they have relevant professional knowledge to develop primary health care system (Primary Care Office, 2017). The government will also help in training primary health care providers and collaborate with the Directory and those health professionals. The public can assess to the Primary Care Directory to search for their own primary health care providers according to their health needs. In terms of community health networks, the Government will propose projects based on the conceptual models and consultation with the health care professionals, health care providers, public and private health care sectors, non-governmental organizations, and local universities. Aims at setting up localized health centre, provide a comprehensive and coordinate primary health care service to the community. 3.2 Primary Health Care for Elderly Aging population in Hong Kong is a serious problem, according to the statistic provided by the Census and Statistic Department in 2015, it is estimated that in mid-2024, 22% of the Hong Kong citizens are aged over 65 and over 65. Nonetheless, the number of elderly will keep increasing in the following years. 20 years later in 2044, the population rate for those aged 65 and over will become 31%. More elderly will have an effect on the labor workforce, more workers are needed to support those retired elderly (Tollefson, 2015). The increase of number of elderly also will affect to the health care system. Normally, elderly will have a higher chance of developing chronic disease due to the decrease on the body mechanism. As a result, they will use health services more often. The government has to put more resources in maintaining the health of this population. For example, health promotion, more resources to the hospitals in curing the chronic disease, ensuring all the functional ability etc. (Sin et al., 2015). A comprehensive primary health care framework is therefore needed to be established in order to relieve the pressure of the medical services and also the whole health care system in a long-term, to achieve a sustainable development. Primary health care in elderly is served as a preventive measure, a better control of the chronic disease etc. The services usually provided by the private family doctors. They will give health related information to the elderly, having risk assessment, and follow-up medication (Sin et al., 2015). The supportive measures not only help the elderly, but their family members also gain benefit from it. They can spend less time and money in paying for the health care service. 4. Recommendations 4.1 Allocation of the manpower As mentioned, most of the tasks are performed by the Department of Health, the health professionals, like doctors, nurses, even the Secretary of the Food and Health Bureau is come from a medical background. The workload of the health professionals, especially those who work in hospitals, is very high. In fact, they almost need to perform all the tasks. There is not enough manpower to take care of a huge amount of clients every day. From paper work or even the driver of the ambulance are all health professionals. The government should revise of the job allocation in hospitals or related work field, to lower the workload of the health professionals, and thus, have a better working performance to provide a higher quality of health care to the clients. 4.2 Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Nowadays in Hong Kong is mainly use conventional medicine as medical treatment. Although it still has its effectiveness, Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) therapy is an alternative way that can be used in public primary health care service. CAM therapy refers to an approach using together with western medicine, focusing on the treatment of a whole person (Mayo Clinic, 2014). The Hong Kong Baptist Hospital is one of the hospitals that provide Chinese Medicine medication. However, the use of CAM therapy is not quite common in public health care sectors, most of the therapies are provided by the private sector. Therefore it is suggested that the Government can build up or set up clinics that mainly use CAM therapy for primary health care, letting those who cannot afford the high cost of private health care sector. A combination of CAM therapy and traditional medicine lower the use of main hospital resources and as a result, a better resource allocation. 4.3 A Balance between public and private health care sectors As mentioned by Griffiths (2012), private sector is the major provider of primary health care, around 70% of it is provided by family doctor, private clinics etc. Moreover, there are more and more private clinics being established, since the practitioners want to have more economic income. Therefore, the two sectors can cooperate with each other, such as the General Outpatient Clinic Public Private Partnership is one of the ways to solve this problem (Cheung, 2015). Even clients whenever use the private health care service can enjoy a lower cost if they are transferred from the public sector. This can lower the workload and the number of clients in public sectors, and also the clients can have a relatively better quality of primary health care service. The Government shall implements effective and comprehensive strategies between public and private health care sectors. 5. Conclusion Being the longest life expectancy among the world, it is no doubt that Hong Kong has several of advantages owing to this result. As mentioned from the above, the quality and standard of the health care system in Hong Kong is higher than many developed countries. This plays an important role for community health development. Primary health care system is the first step for the medical treatment between clients and medical providers. Therefor an effective and comprehensive primary health care system is essential. This can lower the time spending on medical treatment afterwards. The resources using in the system can be reallocate. However the whole still has some problems, government should cooperate with public and private health care sector in order to implement an effective policy for providing adequate medical service to the community. 6. References Census and Statistics Department. (2015). Hong Kong Population Projections. Hong Kong: HKSAR. Retrieved 27 March from: http://www.statistics.gov.hk/pub/B1120015062015XXXXB0100.pdf Cheung, W.L. (2015). Public Private Partnership. Retrieved 27 March from: http://www3.ha.org.hk/ppp/homepage.aspx?lang=eng Food and Health Bureau. (2010). My Health My Choice: Healthcare Reform Second Stage Consultation Document. Hong Kong: HKSAR. Retrieved 27 March from: http://www.myhealthmychoice.gov.hk/pdf/consultation_full_eng.pdf Food and Health Bureau. (2010). Our partner for better health: Primary Care Development in Hong Kong: Strategy Document. Hong Kong: HKSAR. Retrieved 27 March from: http://www.fhb.gov.hk/download/press_and_publications/otherinfo/101231_primary_care/e_strategy_doc.pdf Griffiths, S.M. Lee, J.P.M. (2012). Developing primary care in Hong Kong: evidence into practice and the development of reference frameworks. Hong Kong Medical Journal, 18(5), 429-434. Hong Kong Baptist Hospital (n.d.). Chinese Medicine Clinic. Retrieved 27 March from: http://www.hkbh.org.hk/eng/hospital_service_chinese_medicine_clinic.php HKASR. (2008). Appendix B: Hong Kongs Current Healthcare System. Retrieved 27 March from: http://www.fhb.gov.hk/beStrong/files/consultation/appendixb_eng.pdf HKSAR. (2010). Appendix C: Hong Kongs Current Private Healthcare Sector. Retrieved 27 March from: http://www.myhealthmychoice.gov.hk/pdf/appendixC_eng.pdf HKSAR. (2016). Overview of the Health Care System in Hong Kong. Retrieved 27 March from: http://www.gov.hk/en/residents/health/hosp/overview.htm Ko, W.M. (2013). HK healthcare is a dual-track system. Retrieved 27 March from: http://archive.news.gov.hk/en/record/html/2013/04/20130409_190409.shtml Kong, X.Y., Yang, Y., Gao, J., Guan, J., Liu, Y., Wang, R.Z., Xing, B., Li., Y.N. Ma, W. B. (2015). Overview of the health care system in Hong Kong and its referential significance to mainland China. Journal of the Chinese Medical Association, 78, 569-573. Lee, D. Cheah, S. (2016). Hong Kong women and men enjoy worlds longest life expectancy due to low smoking rates, health experts claim. South China Morning Post. Retrieved 27 March from: http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/1995947/hong-kong-women-and-men-enjoy-worlds-longest-life Mayo Clinic. (2014). Complementary and alternative medicine. Retrieved 27 March from: http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/consumer-health/in-depth/alternative-medicine/art-20045267 Sin, C.K.L, Fu, S.N., Tsang, C.S.H., Tsui,W.W.S. Chan, F.H.W. (2015). Prevention in primary care is better than cure: The Hong Kong Reference Framework for Preventive Care for Older Adults translating evidence into practice. Hong Kong Medical Journal, 21(4), 353-359. Tollefson, E. (2015, November 25). Hong Kong has a problem with population ageing, rather than an elderly problem. South China Morning Post. Retrieved 27 March from: http://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1883166/hong-kong-has-problem-population-ageing-rather-elderly World Health Organization. (2008). The World Health Report 2008 Primary Health Care (Now More Than Ever). Retrieved 27 March from: http://www.who.int/whr/2008/en/ Hong Kong Baptist Hospital (n.d.). Chinese Medicine Clinic. Retrieved 27 March from: http://www.hkbh.org.hk/eng/hospital_service_chinese_medicine_clinic.php

Is Krishna an effective teacher? Essay -- essays research papers

Krishna is an effective teacher. Discuss with close reference to the book. An effective teacher is a teacher that produces the result that is wanted. In The English Teacher the story is told in the first person so it is difficult to tell if Krishna is an effective teacher. Nowhere on the book does a student or students or even friends and colleagues say that Krishna is an effective English teacher. So we have to discern from the pages of the book as to whether Krishna is an effective teacher. The book begins with Krishna mulling over â€Å"a sense of something missing†. He was taking stock of his daily life and wanted to put it right. It is against this background that Krishna goes back to â€Å"Nature† by taking a very early morning jog and bath in the river. Being consumed by his renewed contact with Nature Krishna is recharged to the point that his whole day is put into chaos. One can even say Krishnan was given an â€Å"overdose of Nature and was in a drunken stupor† when he makes his way to class. When Krishna reaches class late he â€Å"decides† to waste time on attendance. In the later part of the class, after the attendance taking, his sub-conscious and his conscience gets a hold of him. The book quotes him thinking to himself â€Å"These poor boys are now all attention, cowed by your superior force. They are ready to listen and write down whatever you may say.†(pg 13) This proves that the boys’ in Albert Mission College certainly feel that Krishnan is an effective teacher. They await wi... Is Krishna an effective teacher? Essay -- essays research papers Krishna is an effective teacher. Discuss with close reference to the book. An effective teacher is a teacher that produces the result that is wanted. In The English Teacher the story is told in the first person so it is difficult to tell if Krishna is an effective teacher. Nowhere on the book does a student or students or even friends and colleagues say that Krishna is an effective English teacher. So we have to discern from the pages of the book as to whether Krishna is an effective teacher. The book begins with Krishna mulling over â€Å"a sense of something missing†. He was taking stock of his daily life and wanted to put it right. It is against this background that Krishna goes back to â€Å"Nature† by taking a very early morning jog and bath in the river. Being consumed by his renewed contact with Nature Krishna is recharged to the point that his whole day is put into chaos. One can even say Krishnan was given an â€Å"overdose of Nature and was in a drunken stupor† when he makes his way to class. When Krishna reaches class late he â€Å"decides† to waste time on attendance. In the later part of the class, after the attendance taking, his sub-conscious and his conscience gets a hold of him. The book quotes him thinking to himself â€Å"These poor boys are now all attention, cowed by your superior force. They are ready to listen and write down whatever you may say.†(pg 13) This proves that the boys’ in Albert Mission College certainly feel that Krishnan is an effective teacher. They await wi...

Analyzing Legal Alien Essay

For many years now people have judged one another based on characteristics and family background. Some judge based on skin color, race, where your family has come from, and how you came about. â€Å"Legal Alien/ Extranjera Legal† by Pat Mora gives a very realistic message of how it can feel to be a mexican american and to be seen as a ‘legal alien’. To feel not wanted by either side, and to be judged based on the origins of your ancestors and your race. â€Å"viewed by Anglos as perhaps exotic,/ perhaps inferior, definitely different,/ viewed by mexicans as alien. This here, is a perfect example of the way Mora feels about being judged and seen as an alien and her interesting use of diction, metaphors and similes. I think the tone Mora has is one of somebody who feels like an outsider, due to being judge by the people who surround her daily. Moras choice of diction in the first four lines is very interesting and has continued to interest me throughout the poem. Diction is a writer or speakers choice of words. Mora’s diction lets you know a lot about the poems meaning and also about the speaker or the character right away. Mora chooses to tell it back and forth, from one side to another, but mainly from two different points of view. Being seen as an american and also being seen as a mexican. I believe Mora is telling this poem in her own point of view, as if she is the character. Mora starts by off saying â€Å"bi-lingual, bi-cultural† line one. That alone can be interpreted as the speaker or the character is able to speak and understand two languages. It also means she can participate in both of their cultures as well. Mora follows the first line up by enforcing her meaning with â€Å" able to slip from ‘how’s life? to ‘ me’stan volviendo loca. †( this means they’re driving me crazy in spanish. ) Lines two and three. Moras choice of diction here is interesting because she makes it sound like she lives two completely separate lifes as if they could not be mixed together. Mora writes â€Å"able to sit in a paneled office/ drafting memos in smooth english/ able to order in fluent spanish/ at a mexican restaurant† Lines five through seven, really show how she lives both sides and experiences them both separately from one another. It also shows that she fits in and seems as if she really isn’t different from any of the others. In lines eight through ten Mora uses more of her interesting diction. â€Å"american but hyphenated/ viewed by Anglos as perhaps exotic,/ perhaps inferior, definitely different. † ‘American but hyphenated’ highlights the point that although she is part american, she is still different because she is not a full american. There is more than that though, and thats exactly why she is seen differently from both sides. Either way she is more than that so she is seen different and that is Moras overall message. â€Å"viewed by Anglos as perhaps exotic,/ perhaps inferior, definitely different. † supports that she is viewed as an outsider from both sides. Mora also uses inferior. Which has a strong meaning to it. Inferior means: lower in rank, status, or quality. Mora uses the word exotic which also sends a very clear message of how she is viewed. Exotic means to originate in or characteristic of a distant foreign country, so her choice of words completely supports her overall message of what it can feel like to be judged based on the origins of your ancestors and your race. Mora even uses a very simple but clear simile. â€Å"viewed by mexicans as an alien. † She states that the mexicans, the other half of her ancestors race, also see her as an alien, as an outsider. Different from them because she has american blood to even though the rest of her blood is made up of that of the same as theirs. She still is not the same in there eyes. They refer to her as an alien because they believe that. â€Å"(their eyes say, ‘you may speak/ spanish but you’re not like me’)† lines twelve and thirteen, support the fact that all though she is similar, she is not seen like them. Moras choice of diction is interesting here because she is writing what she knows they want to say but won’t always will but also what some do imply using different words. There eyes make her feel different like an outcast not wanted by anybody. The way they find hers and judge her so quickly, so harshly. Mora again supports that she is viewed as an outsider, a ‘legal alien’ by following that up with lines fourteenth and fifteenth. â€Å"an american to mexicans/ A mexican to americans. † These two lines have a strong meaning, and also supports the way she feels, nobody wanted her. She did not belong to either because they judged her based on the other half of her race. the other half of who she is. When in all reality race should not matter, should not affect one’s judgement. Somebodys race makes them no better nor no worse than the next person. Moras next two lines sixteen and seventeen, have a strong meaning and the use of a metaphor. â€Å"a handy token/ sliding back and forth. † She is referring to herself or her character as a ‘hand token’, which I would assume is a metaphor that symbolizes that she slides back and forth between what feels like two completely different worlds just trying to fit in. To be seen for who she truly is. â€Å"between the fringes of both worlds. † Mora now very matter of factly states that to her or her character those lives are two different worlds completely. It also supports that she does not mix them together very much. In the next line Mora chooses to show an emotion in a way. I believe Mora chooses to wait so long before putting a real emotion into her character so you and I, as the readers could really understand what it is like to be mexican american and judged constantly and in general. â€Å"by smiling† line nineteen. Mora follows up the short but to the point line nineteen, with using very strong diction. â€Å"by masking the discomfort† (line twenty) is a strong phrase alone and already says a lot. ‘Masking discomfort’ means that the speaker or character masks how discomfortable being judged can be. How hard it can be to cope with and that says the speaker or the character is very strong, to hide something like that simply by smiling when it has most likely gone on for years. But also a devastating effect. â€Å"of being pre-judged/ bi-laterally. † line twenty. Mora ends her poem with one, very strong meaningful word. Bi-laterally means by both sides. Mora is saying ‘being pre-judged by both sides’. Both races that make her up as a whole, pre-judging her before they got the chance to know her. People judge one another all the time based off their clothes, and much much more. But to judge somebody due to their race or heritage, things they have no control over, thats not right. Its one thing to judge based on how they project themselves but it is not right to judge based on something out of their control either. I think that Moras choice of diction, metaphors, and similes really support her feelings of being judged and seen as a ‘legal alien’. â€Å"Legal Alien’/Extranjera Legal† gives a very realistic and strong message of how it can feel to be viewed as an alien by the people that surround you and are in your life like the people you work with. Mora’s character knows how it feels to be not wanted nor accepted by either side, and to be judged on the origins of her ancestors and her race. Mora uses strong diction throughout this poem with her interesting choice of how she uses her words. â€Å"perhaps exotic, perhaps inferior, definitely different,† Her choice of diction has a strong effect on the message itself. Moras use of similes is interesting to because she says â€Å"viewed by mexicans as alien†, she very clearly says they compare her to an alien and that as a very great impact to. Mora also uses metaphors in her writing in an interesting way, she refers to herself as ‘a handy token/ sliding back and forth’, to symbolize how it feels to not be accepted and to be judged. Many people could relate to this poem whether they are judged on their race, on their upbringing, on their clothes, and many more factors. Being pre-judged is a major problem in society today and is all around us constantly. Some are not lucky enough to escape it, but are capable of understanding the bigger picture in the message behind this poem.

Comapring Japan and Thailand essays

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The Tragedy of Richard III essays

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Recent incidences of corporate or banking scandals Essay

Recent incidences of corporate or banking scandals - Essay Example The stakeholder and societal implications were all negatively reflected towards that corporation and Mozilo himself. This is because the stakeholders of the company both primary and secondary lost faith in its operation. The secondary stakeholders were bitter and castigated the role of Mozilo in the subprime mortgage crisis. The stakeholder lost the trust they had in the corporation as the next few days the Country Financial was on the national spotlight concerning the friends of Angelo. The societal implications are that the Country Financial lost its entire business acumen in a single fault. It was now associated with many fraud and corruption on a large scale. Mozilo compensation had earlier come under scrutiny. Angelo Mozilo was charged by the U.S. Exchange and Securities Commission with securities fraud and insider trading. This made the societal implication on the corporation lead to tarnishing of the company’s name. Also, it led to the nationwide problem with the mortga ge crisis and this had adverse societal implications. It negatively affected the mortgage sector. The source of those scandals The source of the scandal can be termed as improper assessment on the part of the auditors. Additionally, there has been separation of ownership and management for corporations. This is strategically seen in that the management that was supposed to oversee the actions of the chief executive officer Angelo Mozilo was not working. This management is obviously the United States government that was actually working with the culprits in establishment of these particular noncompetitive rates at the well known Countrywide Financial. There...This has gone on to be a major problem since the level of control by politicians on leaders and presidents of large companies is overwhelming. This in the end of the day makes the managers, CEOs and the chief executives like Angelo seem weaker and puppet to these politicians. This makes them to go cahoots with them since they do not have a choice or the deals are very sweet. This should be limited thoroughly by the use of legislation and policies that are relevant and applicable with this particular matter. The degree of this fraud crime was very colossal. Angelo Mozilo was charged fines that amounted to $67.5 million and was forced to accept a lifetime ban. This ban was implemented so that he will never serve as a director or officer of any public or private company. This is a meager settlement with the Securities and Exchange Commission since he is one of the people responsible directly for the 2008 financial crisis. He should have been jailed without any chances of parole so as to teach the rest of the CEOs and the directors of public companies not to repeat the same mistake again. Civil settlements should not have been applied in this scenario. This is because the event of the $67.5 million settlement saw to it that $20 million was paid by Countrywide Financial. This is because there was an indemnification agreement that existed between Countrywide Financial and Angelo’s employment contract.

Analysis of Advanced Criminalistics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis of Advanced Criminalistics - Assignment Example This is however not the case, the real suspect had left fingerprints on the very saliva that he spoke onto and DNA testing would have indicated otherwise. Finally, the clerk was not aware of what was going on at the time of the robbery. The asserted that the only thing he could remember was someone who had clothes that resembled those of the customer and the front end of the gunpoint. In other words, the suspect had planted samples with the customers DNA without the prior knowledge of the clerk. People can be implicated in a crime based on their DNA. Claims have shown that DNA composition is unique on every person except in twins. In case a crime has happened and between two twins, one was involved and later fled to a distance place. The other twin will be implicated to have been involved in the crime. Furthermore, DNA is a chemical compound and is bound to mutations and change (Porada & Straus, 2001). Some tests done on DNA’s of people have errors and when used as evidence, may lead to arresting of a person who was not necessarily a perpetrator of the crime. Finally, scientists can fabricate DNA of one person resembles the DNA of another person. In such instances, when scientist fabricates DNA obtained from saliva or blood samples of a particular crime scene, they put people whose DNA matches the fabricated DNA, at risk of implication. Identification of the source of the DNA should always be made. This is because some of these detectable levels have errors and some of them are based on truth. Also, most of the detectable levels rely on probability and as a result, they do not give concrete evidence that someone was involved in a crime and that is why identification of the DNA source should be made. In the case of Samantha death and identification of Alejandro Avila, DNA identification played a major role (Raymond, 2002). DNA found on Samantha’s dead body was compared to DNA found on the car of Avila and they were found to be identical.